Population Dynamics and Insecticide Susceptibility of Anopheles culicifacies in Malaria Endemic Districts of Chhattisgarh, India

Simple Summary Malaria is a complex disease in part due to multiple vectors having different biological characteristics. In India, there are six primary vectors of malaria viz., Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatitlis, An. stephensi, An. subpictus, An. Minimus, and An. epiroticus. All these vectors have different ecological and seasonal distributions, transmission potential, and insecticide susceptibility status. In addition, except An. stephensi, all the five vectors comprise species complexes having sibling species which again differ in characteristics. Therefore, it is imperative to know the characteristics of the local vector population when it comes to planning control strategies. We carried out a study in tribal areas of Chhattisgarh state to investigate the seasonal and ecotype-wise distribution, breeding habits, sibling species composition, insecticide susceptibility, and role in the transmission of the local vector population. A high diversity of species was observed with around 16 species of Anopheles. An. culicifacies was the most dominant species and also was found to play a role in malaria transmission. The species was found to be resistant to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Malathion, while an increasing trend of pyrethroid resistance was observed at some sites. Overall, our findings provide a picture of the characteristics of the local vector population in malaria-endemic regions. A study was undertaken in the villages of Korea and Bastar district (Chhattisgarh) during the years 2012-2015 to investigate the bionomics of malaria vectors and the prevalence of their sibling species complexes. Entomological surveys carried out every month included indoor resting collections, pyrethrum spray catches, light trap catches, and insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles culicifacies using World Health Organization (WHO) methods. Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles fluviatilis species were assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of malaria parasite, and sibling species were identified using PCR and DNA sequencing. A total of 13,186 samples of Anopheles comprising 15 species from Bastar and 16 from Korea were collected. An. Culicifacies was recorded as the most dominant species and also the only active vector at both sites. This species was found to be resistant to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Malathion, showing signs of emerging resistance against pyrethroids. Among the sibling species of An. culicifacies, the group BCE was found in maximum numbers, while sibling species T of the An. fluviatilis was recorded to be dominant among its complex. The study provides a comprehensive view of the vector bionomics in the highly malarious regions of India that may have importance in developing vector control strategies.

Automated summary

Malaria is a complex disease with multiple vectors having different biological characteristics in India. Research in high malaria-endemic areas of India shows Anopheles culicifacies as the dominant species with resistance to DDT and Malathion, emphasizing the importance of understanding local vector characteristics for control strategies.