Rule-based classification and mapping of ecosystem services with data on the integrity of forest ecosystems

Background The state of ecosystems influences their services for humans. Therefore, the European Union aims to assess and map ecosystem conditions and ecosystem services at the level of the Union and the Member States to implement maintenance or protection measures, if necessary.This paper examines the relationship between forest ecosystem conditions and ecosystem services at the national level, using Germany as an example. The aim is to create a methodology that allows users to understand and predict how the potential supply of selected ecosystem services might change over time under the influence of climate change and atmospheric nitrogen deposition, and that is reproducible, unlike previous approaches. To this end, the methodology was operationalised in a quantitative and rule-based manner. Methods and results The multitude of forest ecosystem types were grouped into 78 classes according to the degree of similarity of their ecological characteristics that influence the provision of ecosystem services. Thereby, ecoclimatic, soil hydrological and nutrient balance characteristics and 12 potential ecosystem service capacities were taken into account. Three potential ecosystem services were quantified for representatives of the ecosystem type classes. The ecosystem service classification was mapped for all of Germany. Conclusions The methodology presented enables a transparent and thus a reproducible classification of current and future ecosystem services

Automated summary

This study examines the relationship between forest ecosystem conditions and ecosystem services at the national level, using Germany as an example. Through grouping forest ecosystem types into 78 classes based on ecological characteristics, the study quantifies three potential ecosystem services and maps the ecosystem service classification for all of Germany. The presented methodology allows for a transparent and reproducible classification of current and future ecosystem services.