Causes, Factors, and Control Measures of Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens-A Critical Review

Featured Application This critical review is highly timely and the need of the hour, given the prolonged and unwanted building closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Extended water age in premise plumbing greatly increases the risk of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens. This review critically analyses the chemical and physical parameters that influence the occurrence of opportunistic pathogens in the drinking water distribution system, specifically in premise plumbing. A comprehensive literature review reveals significant impacts of water age, disinfectant residual (type and concentration), temperature, pH, and pipe materials. Evidence suggests that there is substantial interplay between these parameters; however, the dynamics of such relationships is yet to be elucidated. There is a correlation between premise plumbing system characteristics, including those featuring water and energy conservation measures, and increased water quality issues and public health concerns. Other interconnected issues exacerbated by high water age, such as disinfectant decay and reduced corrosion control efficiency, deserve closer attention. Some common features and trends in the occurrence of opportunistic pathogens have been identified through a thorough analysis of the available literature. It is proposed that the efforts to reduce or eliminate their incidence might best focus on these common features.

Automated summary

This review critically analyzes the chemical and physical parameters that influence the occurrence of opportunistic pathogens in the drinking water distribution system, specifically in premise plumbing. Factors such as water age, disinfectant residual, temperature, pH, and pipe materials are found to significantly impact the presence of opportunistic pathogens. The study proposes a focus on common features identified in the literature to reduce or eliminate the incidence of these pathogens.