The Placebo and Nocebo Responses in Clinical Trials in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Placebo and nocebo responses are mostly discussed in clinical trials with functional bowel disorders. Much less has been investigated and is known in gastrointestinal diseases beyond irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), especially in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). For the purpose of this review, we screened the Journal of Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies (JIPS) database with approximately 4,500 genuine placebo research articles and identified nine meta-analyses covering more than 135 randomized and placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) with more than 10,000 patients with Crohn ' s disease (CD) and another five meta-analyses with 150 RCTs and more than 10,000 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Only three discussed nocebo effects, especially in the context of clinical use of biosimilars to treat inflammation. The articles were critically analyzed with respect to the size of the placebo response in CD and UC, its effects on clinical improvement versus maintenance of remission, and mediators and moderators of the response identified. Finally, we discussed and compared the differences and similarities of the placebo responses in IBD and IBS and the nocebo effect in switching from biologics to biosimilars in IBD management.

Automated summary

This review focuses on the placebo and nocebo responses in gastrointestinal diseases, particularly in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The analysis includes over 10,000 patients with CD and UC, discussing the impact of placebo responses on clinical improvement and maintenance of remission, as well as identifying mediators and moderators of the response. Differences and similarities in placebo responses between IBD and IBS are compared, alongside the discussion of the nocebo effect in transitioning from biologics to biosimilars in IBD management.