String fragmentation in supercooled confinement and implications for dark matter

A strongly-coupled sector can feature a supercooled confinement transition in the early universe. We point out that, when fundamental quanta of the strong sector are swept into expanding bubbles of the confined phase, the distance between them is large compared to the confinement scale. We suggest a modelling of the subsequent dynamics and find that the flux linking the fundamental quanta deforms and stretches towards the wall, producing an enhanced number of composite states upon string fragmentation. The composite states are highly boosted in the plasma frame, which leads to additional particle production through the subsequent deep inelastic scattering. We study the consequences for the abundance and energetics of particles in the universe and for bubble-wall Lorentz factors. This opens several new avenues of investigation, which we begin to explore here, showing that the composite dark matter relic density is affected by many orders of magnitude.

Automated summary

This study suggests that in the early universe, fundamental quanta of a strongly-coupled sector can lead to enhanced composite state production through string fragmentation when swept into expanding bubbles of the confined phase. The resulting composite states are highly boosted in the plasma frame, leading to additional particle production through subsequent deep inelastic scattering. This has significant implications for the abundance and energetics of particles in the universe, as well as for the Lorentz factors of bubble walls.