Journal
FORESTS
Volume 12, Issue 5, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/f12050637
Keywords
coastal Vietnam; Landsat; land-use change; mangrove forest; monitoring
Categories
Funding
- Murdoch University
- Vietnamese Ministry of Education and Training
- Institute of Ecology and Works Protection (Project Integrated solutions to restore and sustainably develop coastal protection forest in Thanh Hoa province) [DTDL.CN-34/17]
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Mangrove forests in Vietnam face threats from coastal development, especially in the vulnerable northern coast frequently hit by typhoons during the monsoon season. Aquaculture has been identified as the main reason for the loss of mangroves in Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces, with restoration efforts showing some success. Further refinement of engineering techniques is needed to improve mangrove restoration outcomes in these provinces.
Mangrove forests can ameliorate the impacts of typhoons and storms, but their extent is threatened by coastal development. The northern coast of Vietnam is especially vulnerable as typhoons frequently hit it during the monsoon season. However, temporal change information in mangrove cover distribution in this region is incomplete. Therefore, this study was undertaken to detect change in the spatial distribution of mangroves in Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces and identify reasons for the cover change. Landsat satellite images from 1973 to 2020 were analyzed using the NDVI method combined with visual interpretation to detect mangrove area change. Six LULC classes were categorized: mangrove forest, other forests, aquaculture, other land use, mudflat, and water. The mangrove cover in Nghe An province was estimated to be 66.5 ha in 1973 and increased to 323.0 ha in 2020. Mangrove cover in Thanh Hoa province was 366.1 ha in 1973, decreased to 61.7 ha in 1995, and rose to 791.1 ha in 2020. Aquaculture was the main reason for the loss of mangroves in both provinces. Overall, the percentage of mangrove loss from aquaculture was 42.5% for Nghe An province and 60.1% for Thanh Hoa province. Mangrove restoration efforts have contributed significantly to mangrove cover, with more than 1300 ha being planted by 2020. This study reveals that improving mangrove restoration success remains a challenge for these provinces, and further refinement of engineering techniques is needed to improve restoration outcomes.
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