Medical thoracoscopy treatment for pleural infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundComplicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema represent advanced stages of pleural infections and are characterized by a high mortality. Medical thoracoscopy is a safe and minimally invasive endoscopic technique prescribed to treat severe pleural infections. However, only a few studies evaluated its success rate. A systematic review of observational studies was performed to assess the efficacy of medical thoracoscopy in patients with complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema, as well as its predictive factors.MethodsA search of the scientific evidence was carried out using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Articles describing observational studies on medical thoracoscopy in patients with parapneumonic effusions and empyema were selected.ResultsEight studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled treatment success rate of thoracoscopy was 85% (95% CI 80.0-90.0%; I-2: 61.8%) when used as first-line intervention or after failure of chest tube. The pooled complication rate was 9.0% (95% CI 6.0-14.0%; I-2: 58.8%). A pooled difference of treatment success of 9.0% (95% CI 1.0-18.0%) was found when post-thoracoscopy intra-pleural fibrinolysis was prescribed. Pooled success rate was higher in cases with pleural fluid culture negativity (pooled difference: 14.0%; 95% CI 4.0-24.0%).ConclusionsMedical thoracoscopy is effective and safe when prescribed for complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Bacteriological negativity of pleural effusion specimens and administration of adjuvant intra-pleural fibrinolysis after the procedure are associated with a higher success rate.

Automated summary

Medical thoracoscopy is effective and safe in treating complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema, with a high success rate. Bacteriological negativity of pleural effusion specimens and the use of intra-pleural fibrinolysis post-procedure are associated with an increased success rate.