Investigating the relationship of aerosols with enhanced vegetation index and meteorological parameters over Pakistan

Aerosols have severe effects on climate, human health and ecosystems. The impact of aerosols on climate, ecosystems and human health can be better understood if the variability of optical properties of aerosols is accurately known. In this paper, we have used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) datasets of aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm, Angstrom exponent (440/870) (AE) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) over Pakistan. We have also analyzed the relationship between meteorological variables (e.g., temperature, relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (WS)) and aerosol optical properties to acquire a deep knowledge of aerosol variability. The coefficients of determination (R-2) between Aqua-AOD and AERONET-AOD are found to be 0.6724 over Lahore and 0.7678 over Karachi. Aqua-AOD has also been validated with AOD data from Terra, MISR and SeaWiFS. High AOD (0.8-1) and low AE (0.4-0.8) have been observed over south and southwestern Pakistan indicating the presence of dust aerosols. In northeastern Pakistan, EVI is negatively correlated with AOD. The northeastern Pakistan is characterized by high values of AOD (similar to 1) during all seasons. AOD showed a significant interannual variation with the lowest values (0.22) in January and the highest (0.58) in July. AE is observed to be lower in spring and summer than in winter and autumn seasons in south and southwestern Pakistan. A positive R (>= 0.6) is observed between AOD and temperature over the southwestern Pakistan while a negative R (-0.4 <=) is observed between AOD and RH over the southwestern Pakistan.

Automated summary

Aerosols have significant impacts on climate, human health, and ecosystems, with variations in optical properties influencing these effects. Analysis of meteorological variables and aerosol optical properties in Pakistan revealed high AOD and low AE in the south and southwest, indicating the presence of dust aerosols. In the northeastern region, there was a negative correlation between EVI and AOD, with consistently high AOD values observed throughout the year.