Journal
NUTRIENTS
Volume 13, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nu13030944
Keywords
multivitamins and minerals; fish oil; calcium; dietary; cardiovascular health
Categories
Funding
- Heart Foundation Post-doctoral Fellowship - National Heart Foundation of Australia [102597]
- Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship - Heart Foundation of Australia
- University of Technology Sydney
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A long-term healthy diet combined with multivitamins and minerals or fish oil intake was associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, while an unhealthy diet was linked to a higher risk of obesity. Maintaining a healthy diet and using calcium supplements were associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease.
It is unknown whether a healthy diet or unhealthy diet combined with specific supplements may jointly contribute to incidence of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We included 69,990 participants from the 45 and Up Study who completed both baseline (2006-2009) and follow-up (2012-2015) surveys. We found that compared to participants with a long-term healthy diet and no supplement consumption, those with a long-term healthy diet combined with multivitamins and minerals (MVM) or fish oil consumption were associated with a lower incidence of CVD (p < 0.001); whilst those with an unhealthy diet and no MVM or fish oil consumption were associated with a higher risk of obesity (p < 0.05). Compared to participants with a long-term healthy diet and no calcium consumption, the combination of a long-term healthy diet and calcium consumption was linked to a lower risk of CVD (IRR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78; 0.96). In conclusion, a long-term healthy diet combined with MVM or fish oil was associated with a lower incidence of CVD. Participants who maintained a healthy diet and used calcium supplements were associated with a lower incidence of obesity. However, these associations were not found among those with an unhealthy diet, despite taking similar supplements.
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