Is there a role for doravirine in African HIV treatment programmes? A large observational resistance study in South Africa

Introduction Dolutegravir has replaced efavirenz in most low- and middle-income countries, due to better tolerability and formidable resistance profile, but dolutegravir side effects suggest alternatives are needed. We evaluated doravirine resistance in South Africa as a first step to assess whether doravirine may replace dolutegravir. Methods A retrospective dataset was analysed for predicted doravirine susceptibility, including sequences obtained from three patient groups. First, data from 277 patients initiating antiretroviral treatment (ART) were collected between February 2013 and October 2014 as part of a national survey. Second, data from 788 patients experiencing NNRTI-based ART failure were obtained between February 2013 and October 2014 as part of a national survey. Third, data derived from 584 patients who had genotypic drug resistance testing requested after NNRT-based failure as part of individual patient management between January 2016 and December 2019. Pol sequences were generated using validated population-based in-house genotyping and submitted to Stanford HIVdb v8.9. Results and discussion Less than 5% of patients initiating ART presented with genotypic doravirine resistance, whereas most patients experiencing NNRTI-based ART failure presented with predicted intermediate (41.0%) or high-level resistance (43.8%) to doravirine. High-level resistance to doravirine was commonly predicted by the presence of at least three DRMs (79.7%). The predicted resistance profile to doravirine in ART-naive patients is promising, but less so in those experiencing failure to first-generation NNRTIs. Accumulation of NNRTI DRMs seems to be an important factor in the poor resistance prediction for doravirine. Conclusions Although doravirine is approved as initial therapy in patients who are ART-naive, it is currently recommended to obtain a genotype prior to the initiation of ART. Clinical studies are needed to ascertain whether predicted resistance profiles in ART naive and NNRTI-treated patients translate into poor clinical outcomes, especially in settings where genotypic resistance testing is not available.

Automated summary

A study conducted in South Africa showed that less than 5% of patients initiating ART presented with genotypic doravirine resistance, while most patients experiencing NNRTI-based ART failure had intermediate (41.0%) or high-level (43.8%) resistance to doravirine. Accumulation of NNRTI drug resistance mutations was identified as a significant factor contributing to poor resistance prediction for doravirine.