Contribution of Ferromagnetic Medium to the Output of Triboelectric Nanogenerators Derived from Maxwell's Equations

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) use the displacement current as a driving force to convert mechanical energy into electric power, which has made great contributions to micro-nano energy harvesting, self-powered systems, and the sustainable development of mankind. To date, it is accepted that the output of TENGs is only dependent on the polarization effect. This study reveals that this view is incomplete and, in reality, the magnetization effect also makes a significant contribution to the output of TENGs. For the first time, a novel insight on the output of TENGs is discovered through the theoretical derivation and analysis of Maxwell's equations in ferromagnetic medium. Experimentally, TENGs based on ferromagnetic media are constructed, which exhibit higher output than that of non-ferromagnetic media based. Interestingly, the output behavior of ferromagnetic media based TENGs is strongly related to the external magnetic field ambient, which is well demonstrated. The discovered output characteristics of TENGs are precisely derived from the working principle of TENGs, simultaneously, a completed and unified theoretical system is constructed for TENGs. This significant discovery and theory will be an indispensable supplement to the existing research on TENGs and also provide a general guidance and deeper understanding of the TENG.

Automated summary

This study reveals that the output of TENGs is affected not only by the polarization effect but also by the magnetization effect. By constructing TENGs based on ferromagnetic media, it is shown that the output is higher and strongly related to the external magnetic field ambient. This discovery enhances the understanding and potential of TENGs for energy harvesting applications.