Journal
ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY
Volume 73, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105471
Keywords
Dual-frequency; Acoustic cavitation bubble; Pressure forces work; Heat diffusion; Reactions heat; Condensation
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Funding
- Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia [IFKSUHI-1441-501]
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This study numerically simulated the energy balance related to a stable bubble irradiated by a dual-frequency field. The results showed that pressure forces were the main energetic input during the bubble oscillation lifetime, while heat transfer by diffusion and enthalpy loss due to water condensation were the main energetic losses. High rates of condensation of water molecules and low amounts of accumulated energy inside the bubble volume were identified as key factors preventing the achievement of sonochemical activity.
The acoustic cavitation bubble as an open energetic system is the seat of conversion of various forms of energy accompanying the bubble oscillation. The energy conversion would explain specific dynamical, thermal and kinetical behaviors. In the present paper, the energy balance related to a stable bubble irradiated by dualfrequency field is simulated numerically and interpreted in accordance with the phenomena occurring inside it. The study particularly focuses on the comparison of the energetic behavior of high-energy stable cavitation with bubbles that are non-active in sonochemistry, submitted to couples of 35, 140, 300 and 515 kHz. The simulation results revealed that pressure forces work is the major energetic input during the bubble oscillation lifetime, while the main energetic loss comes from heat transfer by diffusion and enthalpy loss accompanying water condensation. Besides, high rates of condensation of water molecules and low amounts of accumulated energy inside the bubble volume were identified as the key factors preventing the achievement of the sonochemical activity threshold.
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