Journal
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Volume 169, Issue -, Pages 780-787Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.047
Keywords
Metals; EESI; Mass spectrometry; Biogas
Funding
- European Union [701647]
- Division of Energy and Environment Research at PSI (Inter-Laboratory Postdoc program)
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [BSSGI0_155846, 200021_184817]
- SCCER BIOSWEET (Biomass for Swiss Energy Future, CH)
- ESI platform (Energy System Integration, CH)
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [200021_184817] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
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Real-time detection and characterization of metals and trace elements in a Swiss biogas production plant were successfully performed using a novel technology, with fast responses and low detection limits. The results of offline and online methods showed good agreement.
On-line measurements of metal emissions in energy conversion systems at very low concentrations are difficult to perform using existing techniques. Metals are of high importance due to their detrimental impact on human health, the environment and various industrial processes and/or equipment. Herewith and for the first time, we report the real-time detection and characterization of metals and trace elements in a Swiss biogas production plant using a novel technology based on an extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) source coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). The deployment examines the ability of the EESI-TOF to resolve highly transient signals, while providing a relatively straightforward and well-characterized platform for in-field diagnostic measurements. The EESI-TOF-MS was operated in the negative ion production and detection mode, and qualitative and quantitative results for a range of trace metals (e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, etc.) were obtained. On-site results showed fast responses (1 Hz) and detection limits below 3 ng/m(3). In addition, the EESI-TOF-MS was used for the off-line analysis of condensable trace metals of biogas samples collected using a continuous liquid-quench sampling system in 2-propanol. The results of the offline and online methods were compared and show good agreement. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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