Hydrogen isotopic fractionations during syntheses of lipid biomarkers in the seeds of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) under controlled environmental conditions

Compound specific hydrogen isotopic analyses have the potential to reveal the biosynthetic pathways of biomarkers and to reconstruct the effects of water stress in a plant, or in an ecosystem. Although C4 graminoids are of great geological interest and are some of the world's leading crops, there are few experimental studies of their biomarker responses to hydrological conditions. Here, we study a C4 graminoid, broomcorn millet, and compare the effects of controlled changes in environmental conditions on the distributions of n-alkane homologues and on the pentacyclic triterpene, miliacin, which is a biomarker for broomcorn millet; both were measured in the seeds of the graminoid. Broomcorn millet plants were propagated in hydroponic solutions with four different delta H-2 values for each of two growth chambers, differing in relative humidity (58 and 74%). Analyses of delta H-2 values of the lipid compounds (miliacin and n-alkanes) in seeds and water extracted from transpiring and non-transpiring organs allowed us to quantify the apparent (lipids vs. source water to plant) and biosynthetic (lipids vs. leaf water) fractionations during miliacin and n-alkane syntheses. Miliacin and n-alkane delta H-2 values were linearly related to leaf water delta H-2 values, permitting credible biosynthetic fractionations to be calculated for n-alkanes (average-149.5%0 +/- 11) and miliacin (-118%0 +/- 5). These biosynthetic fractionations were within the range of published values for compounds with their respective biosynthetic pathways, although a H-2-enrichment of miliacin compared to n-alkanes remains unexplained. Whereas a 16% decrease in relative humidity had no significant impact on the biosynthetic fractionation of miliacin, n-C-25 and n-C-27 alkanes, it led to a similar to 25%, decrease in biosynthetic fractionation for n-C-31 and n-C-33 alkanes. This could be the consequence of a contribution of more depleted pools of hydrogen atoms in cytoplasmic water (compared to chloroplastic hydrogen pools) during the n-alkyl lipid elongation process. This finding suggests that the respective influences of source water delta H-2 values and relative humidity on the delta H-2 values of organic compounds may be discretely inferred by examining the delta H-2 values of compounds synthesized from distinct sources of hydrogen in cells. This provides clues to the biosynthetic fractionations in a C4 plant for compounds derived from distinct pathways, but also highlights specific issues related to seed lipids which require further research. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Compound specific hydrogen isotopic analyses were used to study the biosynthetic pathways of biomarkers in a C4 graminoid, broomcorn millet, under controlled environmental conditions. The study revealed the impact of water stress on the distribution of lipid compounds and highlighted the importance of relative humidity and hydrogen isotopes in the biosynthetic processes of organic compounds in plants.