Journal
NEUROSCIENCE
Volume 463, Issue -, Pages 370-382Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.022
Keywords
Parkinson?s disease; cell replacement therapy; fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue; TRANSEURO; stem cells; cellular reprogramming
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81271298]
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Parkinson's disease is characterized by tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, primarily caused by depletion of the nigrostriatal pathway. Cell replacement therapy is a promising strategy to prevent disease progression and increase the number of surviving dopaminergic neurons. Various cell sources like ESCs and iPSCs offer potential for dopaminergic replacement, each with their own advantages and limitations that need to be considered for optimal therapy development.
disease (PD) is characterized by tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. PD is caused mainly by depletion of the nigrostriatal pathway. Conventional medications such as levodopa are highly effective in the early stage of PD; however, these medications fail to prevent the underlying neurodegeneration. Cell replacement therapy (CRT) is a strategy to achieve long-term motor improvements by preventing or slowing disease progression. Replacement therapy can also increase the number of surviving dopaminergic neurons, an outcome confirmed by positron emission tomography and immunostaining. Several promising cell sources offer authentic and functional dopaminergic replacement neurons. These cell sources include fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from various tissues, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and induced neural cells. To fully develop the potential of CRT, we need to recognize the advantages and limitations of these cell sources. For example, although fetal ventral midbrain is efficacious in some patients, its ethical issues and the existence of graft-induced dyskinesias (GID) have prevented its use in large-scale clinical applications. ESCs have reliable isolation protocols and the potential to differentiate into dopaminergic progenitors. iPSCs and induced neural cells are suitable for autologous grafting. Here we review milestone improvements and emerging sources for cell-based PD therapy to serve as a framework for clinicians and a key reference to develop replacement therapy for other neurological disorders. ? 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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