Assessing diversity, abundance, and mass of microplastics (∼1-300 μm) in aquatic systems

Recent improvements in survey methods for microplastic (MP) pollution in natural waters have enabled quantification of MP particles < 300 mu m in diameter. Historically, this putatively important size fraction of MP particles has not been sampled adequately, possibly leading to significant underestimations of plastic inventories in aquatic systems. Furthermore, reported MP particle numbers are poorly constrained proxies for MP mass loadings as sizes vary widely and densities differ within and among polymers, consequently compromising mass flux estimations. However, determination of MP number, identity, and mass can resolve these issues and enable more accurate estimations of MP loadings. Using Raman microspectroscopy coupled with three-dimensional (3D) spectral imaging, we have developed an automatable methodology to detect, identify, and quantify MPs retained on filters from discrete water samples. Raman spectral information enabled identification of plastic polymers in particles between 0.5 and 300 mu m in diameter and generation of 3D chemical maps. To accelerate volume determinations of each identified MP particle, we developed an algorithm to derive volumes from image analysis of two-dimensional micrographs that are statistically indistinguishable from those directly measured by 3D Raman chemical maps. Masses of each Raman-identified MP particle are determined from their volumes and known plastic specific weights. This methodology provides accurate estimations of the smallest MP particles' contributions to total MP mass in discrete water samples, providing vital information for mass flux calculations of MPs in natural waters.

Automated summary

Recent advancements in survey methods for microplastic pollution in natural waters have allowed for quantification of small MP particles, improving accuracy of plastic inventories in aquatic systems. The combination of Raman microspectroscopy with 3D spectral imaging provides a method to detect, identify, and quantify MPs in water samples, offering vital information for mass flux calculations of MPs in natural waters. This methodology enables accurate estimations of the contributions of the smallest MP particles to total MP mass in discrete water samples.