Journal
JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE
Volume 98, Issue 2, Pages 172-182Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11524-021-00526-1
Keywords
Police harassment; Violence; Men who have sex with men (MSM)
Funding
- National Institute on Drug Abuse grant 'Stop-and-Frisk, Arrest, and Incarceration and STI/HIV Risk in Minority MSM' [R01DA044037]
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) [UM1 AI068619, UM1 AI068617, UM1 AI068613]
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) [UM1 AI068619, UM1 AI068617, UM1 AI068613]
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [UM1 AI068619, UM1 AI068617, UM1 AI068613]
- Fenway Institute Clinical Research Site (CRS): Harvard University CFAR [P30 AI060354]
- Fenway Institute Clinical Research Site (CRS): CTU for HIV Prevention and Microbicide Research [UM1 AI069480]
- George Washington University CRS: District of Columbia Developmental CFAR [P30 AI087714]
- Harlem Prevention Center CRS: Columbia University CTU [5U01 AI069466]
- Harlem Prevention Center CRS: ARRA funding [3U01 AI069466-03S1]
- NY Blood Center/Union Square CRS: Columbia University CTU [5U01 AI069466]
- NY Blood Center/Union Square CRS: ARRA funding [3U01 AI069466-03S1]
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center CRS: Emory University HIV/AIDS CTU [5U01 AI069418]
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center CRS: CFAR [P30 AI050409]
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center CRS: CTSA [UL1 RR025008]
- Ponce de Leon Center CRS: Emory University HIV/AIDS CTU [5U01 AI069418]
- Ponce de Leon Center CRS: CFAR [P30 AI050409]
- Ponce de Leon Center CRS: CTSA [UL1 RR025008]
- San Francisco Vaccine and Prevention CRS: ARRA funding [3U01 AI069496-03S1, 3U01 AI069496-03S2]
- NIDA [P30DA027828-08S1]
- University of Maryland Prevention Research Center [U48 DP006382]
- New York University Center for Drug Use and HIV Research [P30 DA011041]
- New York University-City University of New York (NYU-CUNY) Prevention Research Center [U48 DP005008]
- Project DISRUPT [R01 DA-028766]
Ask authors/readers for more resources
For BMSM, experiencing DPH motivated by racism and homophobia is associated with significantly higher odds of being threatened with violence, physical violence, and intimate partner violence. This highlights the need for further research to understand the mechanisms linking police harassment and violence for vulnerable populations like BMSM.
Interactions with the police may result in police brutality, particularly for people of color. Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) face disproportionate risk of police contact and may experience elevated violence risk. We measured longitudinal associations between discriminatory police harassment (DPH) and subsequent risk of a range of interpersonal violence experiences, including intimate partner violence (IPV). In this study, we estimated associations between DPH motivated by racism, homophobia, or both, and subsequent violent experiences (being physically harassed, hit, threatened with weapons, and intimate partner violence) among BMSM. Bivariate and multivariable regression analyses were used to control for demographic and behavioral factors. Among 1160 BMSM included at 12-month follow-up, experiencing DPH motivated by racism and homophobia was associated with over four times the odds of being threatened with violence (AOR 4.85, 95% CI 3.20, 7.33), four times the odds of or experiencing violence defined as being punched, kicked, or beaten, or having an object thrown at them (AOR 4.51, 95% CI 2.82, 7.19), and nearly three times the odds of physical partner abuse (AOR 3.49, 95% CI 1.69, 7.19). Findings suggest that for BMSM, DPH is associated with the threat and experience of violence, with a dose-response relationship between DPH motivated by one or more causes. Given that BMSM are a population particularly vulnerable to both police harassment related to race and sexual orientation and violence coupled with stigma, additional research evaluating mechanisms linking these associations is needed in order to develop additional supportive interventions.
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