Journal
JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY
Volume 56, Issue 6, Pages -Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/jms.4730
Keywords
authenticity; carbon isotope ratio (C-13; C-12); EA-IRMS; honey; LC-IRMS
Funding
- International Atomic Energy Agency [LEB1010] Funding Source: Medline
- National Council for Scientific Research Funding Source: Medline
- Lebanese University Funding Source: Medline
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Honey is a valuable sweetener worldwide, but it is often adulterated with sugar syrups, affecting its nutritive value. This study used various analytical techniques to authenticate honey samples in Lebanon, revealing distinct delta C-13 values for authentic and adulterated samples. LC-C-IRMS techniques can provide additional information on the authenticity of honey by analyzing the delta C-13 of individual sugars.
Honey is one of the most valuable sweeteners consumed by humans all over the world. Consequently, it is often a target for adulteration through the addition of different sugar syrups during or after honey production, resulting in a reduction in its nutritive value. For the first time, this study analyzes honey samples of various botanical species collected from different Lebanese regions using element analyzer (EA) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The delta C-13 of bulk honey, its protein fraction, and the main individual sugars (glucose, fructose, disaccharides, and trisaccharide) were determined, in order to characterize and evaluate the authenticity of honey consumed in Lebanon. The results showed that the delta C-13 values for bulk honey and its protein range from -26.5 parts per thousand to -24.5 parts per thousand and from -26.4 parts per thousand to -24.7 parts per thousand, respectively, for authentic samples. delta C-13 values for samples adulterated with sugar syrups range from -11.2 parts per thousand to -25.1 parts per thousand for bulk honey and from -26.6 parts per thousand to -23.7 parts per thousand for its proteins, with a difference between bulk and protein values between -1 and -8.7 parts per thousand. Using LC-C-IRMS techniques, the delta C-13 of individual sugars provides additional information on the presence of undeclared sugars. We found that all authentic samples had Delta delta C-13(f-g) and Delta delta C-13 max values within the naturally occurring range of +/- 1 parts per thousand and +/- 2.1 parts per thousand, respectively, while the adulterated samples fall outside the Delta delta C-13 ranges. The oligosaccharide peak was detected in most adulterated samples.
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