Journal
BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN
Volume 111, Issue -, Pages 53-61Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.12.008
Keywords
Swallowing; Superior laryngeal nerve; Rat; Central pattern generator; Nucleus tractus solitarii
Categories
Funding
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan [24390431]
- Strategic Young Researcher Overseas Visits Program for Accelerating Brain Circulation
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Promotion of Niigata University Research Projects [25C024]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [24390431] Funding Source: KAKEN
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the adaptation of the swallowing reflex in terms of reduced swallowing reflex initiation following continuous superior laryngeal nerve stimulation. Forty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with urethane. To identify swallowing, electromyographic activity of the left mylohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles was recorded. To evoke the swallowing response, the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), recurrent laryngeal nerve, or cortical swallowing area was electrically stimulated. Repetitive swallowing evoked by continuous SLN stimulation was gradually reduced, and this reduction was dependent on the resting time duration between stimulations. Prior SLN stimulation also suppressed subsequent swallowing initiation. The reduction in evoked swallows induced by recurrent laryngeal nerve or cortical swallowing area stimulation was less than that following superior laryngeal nerve stimulation. Decerebration had no effect on the reduction in evoked swallows. Prior subthreshold stimulation reduced subsequent initiation of swallowing, suggesting that there was no relationship between swallowing movement evoked by prior stimulation and the subsequent reduction in swallowing initiation. Overall, these data suggest that reduced sensory afferent nerve firing and/or trans-synaptic responses, as well as part of the brainstem central pattern generator, are involved in adaptation of the swallowing reflex following continuous stimulation of swallow-inducing peripheral nerves and cortical areas. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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