Resolution of hepatitis E virus infection in CD8+T cell-depleted rhesus macaques

Background & Aims: HEV is a significant cause of acute hepatitis globally. Some genotypes establish persistent infection when immunity is impaired. Adaptive immune mechanisms that mediate resolution of infection have not been identified. Herein, the requirement for CD8+ T cells to control HEV infection was assessed in rhesus macaques, a model of acute and persistent HEV infection in humans. Methods: Rhesus macaques were untreated or treated with depleting anti-CD8a monoclonal antibodies before challenge with an HEV genotype (gt)3 isolate derived from a chronically infected human patient. HEV replication, alanine aminotransferase, anti-capsid antibody and HEV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were assessed after infection. Results: HEV control in untreated macaques coincided with the onset of a neutralizing IgG response against the ORF2 capsid and liver infiltration of functional HEV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Virus control was delayed by 1 week in CD8+ T cell depleted macaques. Infection resolved with onset of a neutralizing IgG antibody response and a much more robust expansion of CD4+ T cells with antiviral effector function. Conclusions: Liver infiltration of functional CD8+ T cells coincident with HEV clearance in untreated rhesus macaques, and a 1 week delay in HEV clearance in CD8+ T cell-depleted rhesus macaques, support a role for this subset in timely control of virus replication. Resolution of infection in the absence of CD8+ T cells nonetheless indicates that neutralizing antibodies and/or CD4+ T cells may act autonomously to inhibit HEV replication. HEV susceptibility to multiple adaptive effector mechanisms may explain why persistence occurs only with generalized immune suppression. The findings also suggest that neutralizing antibodies and/or CD4+ T cells should be considered as a component of immunotherapy for chronic infection. Lay summary: The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of liver disease globally. Some genetic types (genotypes) of HEV persist in the body if immunity is impaired. Our objective was to identify immune responses that promote clearance of HEV. Findings indicate that HEV may be susceptible to multiple arms of the immune response that can act independently to terminate infection. They also provide a pathway to assess immune ther-apies for chronic HEV infection. (C) 2021 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

The study found that CD8+ T cells can assist in controlling HEV infection in untreated macaques, but the simultaneous appearance of CD8+ T cells with HEV clearance may support the role of this subset in controlling virus replication. However, virus clearance in the absence of CD8+ T cells indicates that neutralizing antibodies and/or CD4+ T cells may act autonomously to inhibit HEV replication.