Isolated and combined effects of glyphosate and its by-product aminomethylphosphonic acid on the physiology and water remediation capacity of Salvinia molesta

We evaluate the isolated and combined effects of glyphosate and its by-product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and the potential of the aquatic macrophyte Salvinia molesta to remove these chemicals from contaminated water. Plants were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mu g l(-1)) or AMPA (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mu g l(-1)) for seven days. Then, based on the effective concentrations of glyphosate found to reduce photosynthetic rates by 10% (EC10) and 50% (EC50), the plants were exposed to combinations of 0, 16 and 63.5 mu g glyphosate l(-1) and 0, 5, 15, 25 mu g AMPA l(-1). The EC(10) and EC(50) were lower for AMPA (6.1 mu g l(-1) and 28.4 mu g l(-1) respectively) than for glyphosate (16 and 63.5 mu g glyphosate l(-1) respectively). When occurring together, the deleterious effects of those chemicals to plants increased. S. molesta plants removed up to 74.15% of glyphosate and 71.34% of AMPA from culture water. Due to its high removal efficiency, S. molesta can be used in phytoremediation programs. It will be important to evaluate the combined effects of glyphosate and AMPA in any toxicological studies of the herbicide.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the isolated and combined effects of glyphosate and its by-product AMPA on aquatic macrophytes, finding that the deleterious effects on plants increased when both chemicals were present. The aquatic macrophyte Salvinia molesta showed high removal efficiency, making it a potential candidate for phytoremediation programs. Further toxicological studies on herbicides should consider the combined effects of glyphosate and AMPA.