Journal
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 410, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124588
Keywords
Phytoremediation; Hyperaccumulator; Heavy oil; Hydrochar; RAC
Categories
Funding
- National Key R&D Program of China [2018YFD0800700, 2018YFD0800703]
- Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China [2018A030313228]
- Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project [201904010342]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [19lgpy152]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51906264]
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Low temperature liquefaction benefits resource recovery, while high temperature liquefaction facilitates heavy metal immobilization in hydrochars. However, caution should be taken regarding the environmental risks of manganese and lead.
Environmentally sound disposal of hyperaccumulator harvests is of critical importance to industrialization of phytoremediation. Herein, transformation behaviors and environmental risk of heavy metals were comprehensively examined during subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction of Sedum plumbizincicola. It is concluded that low temperature liquefaction favored resource recovery of heavy oil and hydrochars in terms of higher energy density, improved carbon sequestration and less energy consumption. Heavy metals were mainly distributed into hydrochars and water soluble phase with less than 10% in heavy oil. All metal elements except As could be accumulated in hydrochars by extending reaction time, whereas more than 96% of As was redistributed into water soluble phase. Prolonged liquefaction time facilitated immobilization of Cd, Cr and As in hydrochars, but fast liquefaction favored Pb stabilization. Liquefaction significantly reduced environmental risk level of Cd, Zn and As, but may mobilize Pb and Mn, especially for Mn to very high risk level at 240 ?C. High temperature with long reaction time tended to inhibit leaching rate of Mn, whereas low liquefaction temperature with short reaction time prevented the leaching of Zn and As from hydrochars. Overall, these findings are essential for downstream upgrading of heavy oil and metals recovery from hydrochars.
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