Highly Selective and Sensitive Colorimetric and Fluorescent Chemosensors for Rapid Detection of Cyanide Anions in Aqueous Medium: Investigation on Supramolecular Recognition of Tweezer-shaped Salophenes

Three tweezer-shaped salophenes having catechols (1), phenols (2) and anisoles (3) units in conjunction to the dipodal Schiff bases have been applied for the optical sensing of cyanide (CN over bar ) ions in CH3CN-H2O (7:3) as solvent of choice. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 recognized CN over bar , relying on distinct color and spectral changes. They are easy-to-use probes that exhibit extremely high sensitivity (limit of detection = 1-10 nM), rapid response (5 s) and excellent selectivity. Moreover, the visual detection and concentration determination of CN over bar by solution test kits of both sensors are the advantages for the practical applications. Based on the fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy, as well as the OH over bar and reversibility experiments, the explicit effect of hydroxyl groups on sensing and as well the different recognition of 1 and 2 toward CN over bar ions was proved. While probe 1 senses CN over bar via deprotonation, probe 2 recognizes it through an intramolecular aldimine condensation cyclization, leading to formation of anions of dihydroxyquinoxaline 4. This chemodosimetry is being reported for the first time in a Schiff's base. Furthermore, the similarity of fluorescence and NMR responses of 2 and 4 toward CN over bar supports the proposed process.

Automated summary

Three tweezer-shaped salophenes with catechols, phenols, and anisoles units were used for optical sensing of cyanide ions in CH3CN-H2O (7:3). Compounds 1 and 2 displayed high sensitivity, rapid response, and excellent selectivity in detecting CN over bar , with compound 2 recognizing it through intramolecular aldimine condensation cyclization. Experimental results supported the proposed process, highlighting the potential practical applications of these sensors.