Journal
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Volume 59, Issue 10, Pages -Publisher
AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02360-20
Keywords
diagnosis; screening; saliva; swabs; respiratory diseases; pediatric infectious disease; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; tuberculosis; HIV; HCV; Ebola; malaria; Pneumocystis; parvovirus; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; hepatitis C virus; human immuno-deficiency virus; respiratory disease
Categories
Funding
- University of Washington Host Defense Research Training Grant [T32AI007044]
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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Oral sampling, as a noninvasive approach, can greatly facilitate high-throughput screening for various pathogens in community settings, including those outside the oral cavity. It allows for detection of active infections, resolving or previous infections, and immune responses.
Efforts to control transmissible infectious diseases rely on the ability to screen large populations, ideally in community settings. These efforts can be limited by the requirement for invasive or logistically difficult collection of patient samples, such as blood, urine, stool, sputum, and nasopharyngeal swabs. Oral sampling is an appealing, noninvasive alternative that could greatly facilitate high-throughput sampling in community settings. Oral sampling has been described for the detection of dozens of human pathogens, including pathogens whose primary sites of infection are outside of the oral cavity, such as the respiratory pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2. Oral sampling can demonstrate active infections as well as resolving or previous infections, the latter through the detection of antibodies. Its potential applications are diverse, including improved diagnosis in special populations (e.g., children), population surveillance, and infectious disease screening. In this minireview, we address the use of oral samples for the detection of diseases that primarily manifest outside the oral cavity. Focusing on well-supported examples, we describe applications for such methods and highlight their potential advantages and limitations in medicine, public health, and research.
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