Effect of Spatial Variation on Defensive Substances of Constrictotermes Cyphergaster Soldiers (Blattaria, Isoptera)

The composition of chemical weaponry of termite soldiers show interspecific and intraspecific variation. However, spatial effects on the qualitative and quantitative compositions of these substances in Neotropical termites are poorly known. Hexane extracts of heads and the defensive secretion of soldiers of Constrictotermes cyphergaster from four localities in Northeast Brazil were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Chemical analysis allowed the detection of 54 compounds from the head extract and from the direct extraction of the defensive secretion of soldiers, and the percentage of common substances and the presence of exclusive substances varied depending on the spatial distance between colonies. The profile of the chemical armament of soldiers consists basically of terpenoids: monoterpenes (45.53%-71.97 - for head extract and 57.41% - 78.56 for secretion) and sesquiterpenes (19.69% - 35.78% for head extract and 18.41% - 33.31%for secretion). In general, the main component of the chemical arsenal, regardless of the methodology used for extraction, was alpha-pinene (27.98-50.44%). Two chemotypes were identified based on chemical differences between populations of ecoregions with distinct spatial-environmental and climate characteristics: (1) alpha-pinene <33%; (2) alpha-pinene >33% for both extracts (head and secretion). The results reveal a similar pattern of chemical differentiation for soldiers in both extracts (head and secretion), with increasing differences as a function of distance between the analyzed colonies.

Automated summary

The composition of chemical weaponry in termite soldiers varies both within and between species, with spatial distance playing a role in the differences. Two chemotypes were identified based on chemical variations between populations in regions with distinct geographical and climate characteristics, showing a pattern of chemical differentiation among termite soldiers.