On the structure and development of the parasphenoid and the ventral rostral bones in Acipenser baerii and Polyodon spathula (Actinopterygii, Acipenseriformes)

Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes) are currently recognized as sister-group of Neopterygii (bowfin, gars and teleosts) and along with Polypteriformes (bihirs) constitute the two most basal taxa among living ray-finned fishes. Acipenseriforms uniquely possess a large preoral snout which distinguishes them from other actinopterygians. It is covered ventrally by a longitudinal series of exoskeletal elements which extends along the middle part of the snout from the parasphenoid to the very anterior tip of the head. These cranial elements, highly variable in size, number and proportions, are generally referred to as ventral rostral bones. The homologies of these bones remain unresolved. The issue is getting even more complicated because of vague nature of the parasphenoid of acipenseriforms, with which the ventral rostral series is in a contact. Paradoxically, the homology of this bone of acipenseriforms has never been subjected to thorough survey based on the early development and morphology of this bone. Here, the development of the parasphenoid and the ventraI rostral bones in Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii and American paddlefish Polyodon spathula is investigated based on a large sample of specimens of both species ranging from larvae just posthatching to juveniles of 50 days posthatching. Data obtained in this study allowed to establish primary homologies of the parasphenoid and the ventral rostral bones of Acipenseriformes and to address the evolutionary history of the snout in these fishes.

Automated summary

Acipenseriformes, including sturgeons and paddlefishes, have unique preoral snouts covered by exoskeletal elements. The homologies of these ventral rostral bones remain unresolved. This study investigates the development of these bones in Siberian sturgeon and American paddlefish, providing insights into the evolutionary history of their snouts.