High co-expression of PD-L1 and HIF-1α correlates with tumour necrosis in pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma

Background: Pulmonary pleomorphic carcinomas (PPCs) are uncommon malignant tumours characterised by an aggressive clinical course and poor survival. These neoplasms frequently exhibit marked confluent necrosis, in which hypoxia levels are extremely high, causing low responsiveness to chemotherapy and conferring basic resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) emediated immune escape may be an underlying source of resistance and a suitable target for specific therapy, but its role in PPCs is unclear. Materials and methods: In total, 122 PPCs were investigated. Paraffin-embedded tumour sections were stained with PD-L1 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) antibodies. Overexpression was denoted by moderate-to-strong PD-L1 membrane staining in >= 5% of tumour cells and HIF-1 alpha nuclear staining in >= 10% of tumour cells. The presence of driver mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), telomerase reverse harscriptase gene (TERT), phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic alpha (PIK3CA), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and ROS1 (ROS1 proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase) genes were examined. Results: The overall frequencies of PD-L1 and HIF-1 alpha overexpression and EGFR mutation were 70.5, 75.4, and 22.1%, respectively. High PD-L1 expression was significantly correlated with that of HIF-1 alpha (p < 0.001) and tumour necrosis (p < 0.001). HIF-1 alpha expression was associated with EGFR mutation (p = 0.015). Advanced stage and high PD-L1 expression were two independent risks for poor overall survival. Conclusions: High PD-L1 and HIF-1 alpha co-expression was observed in PPCs compared with their expression in conventional non-small-cell lung carcinoma. The aggressive behaviour of PPC could be partially related to PD-L1-mediated immune escape and intratumoural hypoxia. High PD-L1 expression correlates with poor prognosis and may provide a rationale for the use of targeted immunotherapy in this subtype of high-grade PPC. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.