Epigenetics, microRNA and Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

Epigenetics refers to the DNA chemistry changes that result in the modification of gene transcription and translation independently of the underlying DNA coding sequence. Epigenetic modifications are reported to involve various molecular mechanisms, including classical epigenetic changes affecting DNA methylation and histone modifications and small RNA-mediated processes, particularly that of microRNAs. Epigenetic changes are reversible and are closely interconnected. They are recognised to play a critical role as mediators of gene regulation, and any alteration in these mechanisms has been identified to mediate various pathophysiological conditions. Moreover, genetic predisposition and environmental factors, including dietary alterations, lifestyle or metabolic status, are identified to interact with the human epigenome, highlighting the importance of epigenetic factors as underlying processes in the aetiology of various diseases such as MetS. This review will reflect on how both the classical and microRNA-regulated epigenetic changes are associated with the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. We will then focus on the various aspects of epigenetic-based strategies used to modify MetS outcomes, including epigenetic diet, epigenetic drugs, epigenome editing tools and miRNA-based therapies.

Automated summary

Epigenetics refers to DNA chemistry changes that affect gene transcription and translation independently of the DNA coding sequence. These modifications involve various molecular mechanisms, including classic epigenetic changes like DNA methylation and histone modifications, as well as small RNA-mediated processes. Epigenetic changes play a critical role in gene regulation and are reversible and interconnected. They are influenced by genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices, and are implicated in the development of various diseases. This review focuses on how epigenetic changes are associated with metabolic syndrome and explores strategies such as epigenetic diet, drugs, editing tools, and miRNA-based therapies to modify its outcomes.