Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 9, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094938
Keywords
Arabidopsis thaliana; biostimulant; Botrytis cinerea; defense responses; gadolinium; rare-earth elements
Funding
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brazil
- Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Capes), Brazil
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT), Mexico [240087, 745733]
- Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-UNAM [CJIC/CTIC/1077/2018]
- Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-UNAM (PAPIIT) [IA202620, IA200816, IN203720]
- Ciencias Basicas grant from CONACYT [253494, A1-S-16129]
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Rare-earth element gadolinium serves as a biostimulant that induces plant defense responses against Botrytis cinerea, modifying both early and late defense responses. The defense induced by gadolinium is more effective compared to calcium-induced response, highlighting the potential of gadolinium as a biocontrol agent against fungal pathogens like B. cinerea.
Plant food production is severely affected by fungi; to cope with this problem, farmers use synthetic fungicides. However, the need to reduce fungicide application has led to a search for alternatives, such as biostimulants. Rare-earth elements (REEs) are widely used as biostimulants, but their mode of action and their potential as an alternative to synthetic fungicides have not been fully studied. Here, the biostimulant effect of gadolinium (Gd) is explored using the plant-pathosystem Arabidopsis thaliana-Botrytis cinerea. We determine that Gd induces local, systemic, and long-lasting plant defense responses to B. cinerea, without affecting fungal development. The physiological changes induced by Gd have been related to its structural resemblance to calcium. However, our results show that the calcium-induced defense response is not sufficient to protect plants against B. cinerea, compared to Gd. Furthermore, a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis shows that Gd induces plant defenses and modifies early and late defense responses. However, the resistance to B. cinerea is dependent on JA/ET-induced responses. These data support the conclusion that Gd can be used as a biocontrol agent for B. cinerea. These results are a valuable tool to uncover the molecular mechanisms induced by REEs.
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