Hyperprogressive Disease: Main Features and Key Controversies

Along with the positioning of immunotherapy as a preferential treatment for a wide variety of neoplasms, a new pattern of response consisting in a sudden acceleration of tumor growth has been described. This phenomenon has received the name of hyperprogressive disease, and several definitions have been proposed for its identification, most of them relying on radiological criteria. However, due to the fact that the cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated yet, there is still some debate regarding whether this fast progression is induced by immunotherapy or only reflects the natural course of some highly aggressive neoplasms. Moreover, contradictory results of trials including patients with different cancer types suggest that both the incidence, the associated factors and the implications regarding prognosis might differ depending on tumor histology. This article intends to review the main publications regarding this matter and critically approach the most controversial aspects.

Automated summary

Immunotherapy has been positioned as a preferential treatment for a wide variety of neoplasms, but a new pattern of response called hyperprogressive disease, characterized by sudden tumor growth acceleration, has raised concerns. The identification of this phenomenon relies mostly on radiological criteria, with ongoing debate on whether it is induced by immunotherapy or reflects the natural course of highly aggressive tumors. Contradictory trial results among different cancer types suggest varying incidence, associated factors, and prognosis implications.