Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 9, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094633
Keywords
atherosclerosis; inflammations; oxidative stress; innovative therapies; nutraceuticals; molecular signaling; management
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Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial vascular disease characterized by inflammation and stiffening of arteries. Therapeutic strategies such as PCSK9 inhibitors, inclisiran, bempedoic acid, GLP-1 RAs, and nutraceuticals show promise in improving atheromatous plaque through actions on LDL-Receptor, endothelial dysfunction, macrophage activation, lipid oxidation, foam cell formation, and extracellular lipid deposition. The reduction of atheroma plaque by intensive LDL-Cholesterol lowering and addressing inflammation and other risk factors is crucial in managing atherosclerotic disease.
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial vascular disease that leads to inflammation and stiffening of the arteries and decreases their elasticity due to the accumulation of calcium, small dense Low Density Lipoproteins (sdLDL), inflammatory cells, and fibrotic material. A review of studies pertaining to cardiometabolic risk factors, lipids alterations, hypolipidemic agents, nutraceuticals, hypoglycaemic drugs, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation was performed. There are several therapeutic strategies including Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, inclisiran, bempedoic acid, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), and nutraceuticals that promise improvement in the atheromatous plaque from a molecular point of view, because have actions on the exposure of the LDL-Receptor (LDL-R), on endothelial dysfunction, activation of macrophages, on lipid oxidation, formations on foam cells, and deposition extracellular lipids. Atheroma plaque reduction both as a result of LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) intensive lowering and reducing inflammation and other residual risk factors is an integral part of the management of atherosclerotic disease, and the use of valid therapeutic alternatives appear to be appealing avenues to solving the problem.
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