Obesity Can Contribute to Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis in Children through Leptin and Interleukin-1β

Background: Obesity/overweight is associated with a higher risk of allergic rhinitis (AR) in children. Objective: This study aimed at exploring the mechanisms by which obesity affects the severity of AR through leptin and interleukin (IL)-1 beta were investigated. Methods: In all, 210 subjects with AR and 82 subjects without AR were included in this study. The levels of leptin and inflammatory biomarkers were measured in the serum to investigate the correlation with the severity of AR. Additionally, we analyzed whether changes in BMI regulate the severity of AR through serial follow-up of obese children. Results: IL-1 beta, which is a biomarker of active inflammation in AR, was significantly higher in individuals with AR than in those without and higher in subjects in the obesity group than in those in the normal weight group. A regression analysis showed that the leptin level was associated with increased IL-1 beta expression in children with AR. In the multivariate analysis, only parental AR (9.2-fold increase in risk), elevated leptin (11.3-fold increase in risk), and high expression of IL-1 beta (5.8-fold increase in risk) emerged as significant risk factors of moderate to severe persistent allergic rhinitis. We also found that children with an increase or decrease in BMI showed changes in IL-1 beta and AR symptoms, which these changes were dependent on leptin and BMI. Conclusions: These results suggest that obesity is an important risk factor for the exacerbation of symptoms and leptin can exacerbate inflammation as well as severe and persistent symptoms through IL-1 beta in AR.

Automated summary

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis (AR) in children, with leptin and IL-1 beta playing key roles in exacerbating AR severity. Parental history of AR, elevated leptin levels, and high expression of IL-1 beta emerged as significant risk factors for moderate to severe persistent AR symptoms. Changes in BMI influenced AR symptoms through leptin and IL-1 beta modulation.