Journal
IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 163, Issue 4, Pages 416-430Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/imm.13329
Keywords
COVID-19; Extracellular vesicle; SARS-CoV-2; Cytokine storm; Inflammation
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [91949204, 81830037, 81971145, 81901333, 81801063]
- Shanghai Sailing Program [19YF1451700]
- Shanghai Tongji University Education Development Foundation [000000381/2018108]
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The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 originated from Wuhan, China, has become a global pandemic. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play key roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19, facilitating viral spreading and potential therapeutic interventions.
The sudden outbreak of SARS-CoV-2-infected disease (COVID-19), initiated from Wuhan, China, has rapidly grown into a global pandemic. Emerging evidence has implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs), a key intercellular communicator, in the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19. In the pathogenesis of COVID-19, cells that express ACE2 and CD9 can transfer these viral receptors to other cells via EVs, making recipient cells more susceptible for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Once infected, cells release EVs packaged with viral particles that further facilitate viral spreading and immune evasion, aggravating COVID-19 and its complications. In contrast, EVs derived from stem cells, especially mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, alleviate severe inflammation (cytokine storm) and repair damaged lung cells in COVID-19 by delivery of anti-inflammatory molecules. These therapeutic beneficial EVs can also be engineered into drug delivery platforms or vaccines to fight against COVID-19. Therefore, EVs from diverse sources exhibit distinct effects in regulating viral infection, immune response, and tissue damage/repair, functioning as a double-edged sword in COVID-19. Here, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the pathological roles of EVs in COVID-19. A comprehensive discussion of the therapeutic effects/potentials of EVs is also provided.
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