Journal
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
Volume 21, Issue 9, Pages 10647-10656Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2021.3063112
Keywords
Sensors; Sensor phenomena and characterization; Impedance; Dielectric constant; Microwave sensors; Resonant frequency; Substrates; Dielectric characterization; microstrip technology; microwave sensors; permittivity sensors; phase-variation sensors
Funding
- MICINN-Spain [TEC2016-75650-R, PID2019-103904RB-I00]
- Generalitat de Catalunya [2017SGR-1159]
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats
- European Social Fund
- Juan de la Cierva Program [IJCI-2017-31339, IJC2019-040786-I]
- Secreteraria d'Universitats i Recerca (Gen. Cat.)
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This paper presents a phase-variation microwave sensor using a high-impedance half-wavelength sensing line, useful for dielectric constant measurements and characterization of materials. By increasing the characteristic impedance of the sensing line, the sensitivity to small perturbations is enhanced, resulting in a 2.1 times larger sensitivity compared to traditional matched-line implementations.
A phase-variation microwave sensor operating in transmission and implemented by means of a high-impedance half-wavelength sensing line is reported in this paper. The sensor is useful for dielectric constant measurements and dielectric characterization of materials. By forcing the electrical length of the sensing line to be a half-wavelength when it is loaded with the so-called reference (REF) material, perfect matching is obtained regardless of the characteristic impedance of the line. This fact can be used to enhance the sensitivity for small perturbations, by merely increasing the characteristic impedance of the sensing line. An exhaustive analysis that supports such conclusion is reported in the paper. Then, two prototype sensors are designed and fabricated for validation purposes. As compared to the ordinary phase-variation permittivity sensor implemented by means of a matched (50 - Omega) line with identical length, the sensitivity for small perturbations in the proposed sensor is 2.1 times larger. Further advantages of these sensors are low-cost, small size, implementation in planar technology, and very simple design and fabrication, derived from the fact that the sensing region is a half-wavelength transmission line.
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