Future therapeutic strategies for olfactory disorders: electrical stimulation, stem cell therapy, and transplantation of olfactory epithelium-an overview

Olfactory disorders may be temporary or permanent and can have various causes. Currently, many COVID-19 patients report a reduced or complete loss of olfactory function. A wide range of treatment options have been investigated in the past, such as olfactory training, acupuncture, medical therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, or surgical excision of olfactory epithelium, e.g., in severe qualitative smell disorders. The development of a bioelectric nose, e.g., in connection with direct electrical stimulation or transplantation of olfactory epithelium or stem cells, represent treatment options of the future. The basis of these developments and the state of knowledge is discussed in the following work.

Automated summary

Olfactory disorders can be temporary or permanent and have various causes. Many COVID-19 patients currently experience reduced or complete loss of olfactory function. Treatment options investigated in the past include olfactory training, acupuncture, medical therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and surgical excision of olfactory epithelium. Future treatments may involve the development of a bioelectric nose, utilizing direct electrical stimulation or transplantation of olfactory epithelium or stem cells.