Statistics of Jet Drop Production

Bubbles bursting at the ocean surface are an important source of sea-spray aerosol. We describe jet drop production, from ensembles of high fidelity numerical simulations of bubble bursting, validated against experimental results. The number of jet drops, their size, and velocity are controlled by the ratio of the bubble size, R-b, and the visco-capillary length, l mu=rho w gamma Rb/mu w2, where gamma is the surface tension, rho(w), mu(w) the water density and viscosity. The mean drop size follows < rd & rang;proportional to(Rb/l mu)5/4 and the ejected number of drops n proportional to(Rb/l mu)-1/3, accounting for temperature variations. We confirm that submicrons jet drops are produced by bubbles in the 10-40 microns range. We compute the distribution of jet drops formed by a range of bubbles present under a breaking wave which compares well against laboratory experiments. We discuss the applicability of the proposed formulation in the context of sea spray generation function.

Automated summary

Based on high fidelity numerical simulations and experimental validation, it is found that the production of jet drops from bursting bubbles is influenced by factors such as bubble size and visco-capillary length. The number and size of the jet drops depend on bubble characteristics, with consideration for temperature variations.