Tuning the activity of known drugs via the introduction of halogen atoms, a case study of SERT ligands - Fluoxetine and fluvoxamine

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), acting at the serotonin transporter (SERT), are one of the most widely prescribed antidepressant medications. All five approved SSRIs possess either fluorine or chlorine atoms, and there is a limited number of reports describing their analogs with heavier halogens, i.e., bromine and iodine. To elucidate the role of halogen atoms in the binding of SSRIs to SERT, we designed a series of 22 fluoxetine and fluvoxamine analogs substituted with fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms, differently arranged on the phenyl ring. The obtained biological activity data, supported by a thorough in silico binding mode analysis, allowed the identification of two partners for halogen bond interactions: the backbone carbonyl oxygen atoms of E493 and T497. Additionally, compounds with heavier halogen atoms were found to bind with the SERT via a distinctly different binding mode, a result not presented elsewhere. The subsequent analysis of the prepared XSAR sets showed that E493 and T497 participated in the largest number of formed halogen bonds. The XSAR library analysis led to the synthesis of two of the most active compounds (3,4-diCl-fluoxetine 42, SERT K-i = 5 nM and 3,4-diCl-fluvoxamine 46, SERT K-i = 9 nM, fluoxetine SERT K-i = 31 nM, fluvoxamine SERT K-i = 458 nM). We present an example of the successful use of a rational methodology to analyze binding and design more active compounds by halogen atom introduction. 'XSAR library analysis', a new tool in medicinal chemistry, was instrumental in identifying optimal halogen atom substitution. (C) 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

The study investigated the binding of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine analogs to SERT, revealing that compounds with heavier halogen atoms bind to SERT through a different binding mode. XSAR analysis showed that E493 and T497 were involved in the formation of the most halogen bonds.