c-Rel employs multiple mechanisms to promote the thymic development and peripheral function of regulatory T cells in mice

The NF-kappa B transcription factor c-Rel is a critical regulator of Treg ontogeny, controlling multiple points of the stepwise developmental pathway. Here, we found that the thymic Treg defect in c-Rel-deficient (cRel(-/-)) mice is quantitative, not qualitative, based on analyses of TCR repertoire and TCR signaling strength. However, these parameters are altered in the thymic Treg-precursor population, which is also markedly diminished in cRel(-/-) mice. Moreover, c-Rel governs the transcriptional programme of both thymic and peripheral Tregs, controlling a core of genes involved with immune signaling, and separately in the periphery, cell cycle progression. Last, the immune suppressive function of peripheral cRel(-/-) tTregs is diminished in a lymphopenic model of T cell proliferation and is associated with decreased stability of Foxp3 expression. Collectively, we show that c-Rel is a transcriptional regulator that controls multiple aspects of Treg development, differentiation, and function via distinct mechanisms.

Automated summary

The study reveals that NF-kappa B transcription factor c-Rel plays a crucial role in regulating the development, differentiation, and function of Tregs through controlling multiple key points. c-Rel acts as a transcriptional regulator in both thymic and peripheral Tregs, influencing immune signaling and cell cycle, and affecting the stability of Foxp3 expression in peripheral Tregs.