4.7 Article

Chlorine disinfectants promote microbial resistance in Pseudomonas sp.

Journal

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
Volume 199, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111296

Keywords

Chlorine disinfectants; Multidrug resistance; Transcriptomic analysis; Oxidative stress; SOS response

Funding

  1. National Key R&D Program of China [2018YFC1407601]

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The study revealed the role of chlorine disinfectants in promoting microbial disinfectant resistance and antibiotic resistance through mechanisms such as decreased membrane permeability and increased expression of certain proteins. The results provide insight into disinfectant resistance mechanisms.
The substantial use of disinfectants has increased antibiotic resistance, thereby mediating serious ecological safety issues worldwide. Accumulating studies have reported the role of chlorine disinfectants in promoting disinfectant resistance. The present study sought to investigate the role of chlorine disinfectants in developing multiple resistance in Pseudomonas sp. isolated from the river through antioxidant enzyme measurement, global transcriptional analyses, Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. The results demonstrated that 100 mg/L sodium hypochlorite could increase disinfectant resistance and antibiotic resistance. The SOS response (a conserved response to DNA damage) triggered by oxidative stress makes bacteria resistant to chlorine. An increase in antibiotic resistance could be attributed to a decreased membrane permeability, increased expression of MuxABC-OpmB efflux pump, beta-lactamase, and antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that the differentially expressed genes were highly enriched in the metabolic pathways. In summary, the study results revealed the impact of chlorine disinfectants in promoting microbial disinfectant resistance and antibiotic resistance. This study will provide insight into disinfectant resistance mechanisms.

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