Journal
CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 228, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108731
Keywords
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating; factor; Hematopoietic cell transplantation; Sargramostim; Colony-stimulating factor; Mycoses; Invasive fungal infections
Categories
Funding
- Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA
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Breakthrough fungal infections can be fatal in hosts with impaired immune systems, such as those undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant or intensive chemotherapy. Risk factors include severe neutropenia and corticosteroid use. An individual's level of immunosuppression directly affects infection risk, with early intervention potentially improving outcomes.
In hosts with damaged or impaired immune systems such as those undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) or intensive chemotherapy, breakthrough fungal infections can be fatal. Risk factors for breakthrough infections include severe neutropenia, use of corticosteroids, extended use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and intensive care unit admission. An individual's cumulative state of immunosuppression directly contributes to the likelihood of experiencing increased infection risk. Incidence of invasive fungal infection (IFI) after HCT may be up to 5-8%. Early intervention may improve IFI outcomes, although many infections are resistant to standard therapies (voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, amphotericin B, posaconazole or itraconazole, as single agents or in combination). We review herein several contributing factors that may contribute to the net state of immunosuppression in recipients of HCT. We also review a new approach for IFI utilizing adjunctive therapy with sargramostim, a yeast-derived recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhu GM-CSF).
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