Inflationary magnetogenesis in the perturbative regime

While during inflation a phase of increasing gauge coupling allows for a scale-invariant hyperelectric spectrum, when the coupling decreases a flat hypermagnetic spectrum can be generated for typical wavelengths larger than the effective horizon. After the gauge coupling flattens out the late-time hypermagnetic power spectra outside the horizon in the radiation epoch are determined by the hyperelectric fields at the end of inflation whereas the opposite is true in the case of decreasing coupling. Instead of imposing an abrupt freeze after inflation, we consider a smooth evolution of the mode functions by positing that the gauge couplings and their conformal time derivatives are always continuous together with the background extrinsic curvature. The amplified gauge power spectra are classified according to their transformation properties under the duality symmetry. After clarifying the role of the comoving and of the physical spectra in the formulation of the relevant magnetogenesis constraints, the parameter space of the scenario is scrutinized. It turns out that a slightly blue hyperelectric spectrum during inflation may lead to a quasi-flat hypermagnetic spectrum prior to matter radiation equality and before the relevant wavelengths reenter the effective horizon. In this framework the gauge coupling is always perturbative but the induced large-scale magnetic fields can be of the order of a few hundredths of a nG and over typical length scales between a fraction of the Mpc and 100 Mpc prior to the gravitational collapse of the protogalaxy.

Automated summary

This study examines the impact of time-varying gauge coupling on the hyper electromagnetic spectrum, investigates the process of magnetic field generation through continuous evolution of mode functions, categorizes amplified gauge power spectra according to duality symmetry, and explores the conditions for magnetic field generation through scrutiny of parameter space.