Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 281, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130856
Keywords
Neonicotinoids; Groundwater; Drinking water; Clothianidin; Imidacloprid; Thiamethoxam
Categories
Funding
- University of Iowa's Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, Iowa Institute of Public Health Research and Policy, NIOSH funded Heartland Center for Occupational Health and Safety [T42OH008491]
- NIEHS funded Environmental Health Sciences Research Center [P30 ES005605]
- State Hygienic Laboratory at the University of Iowa
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A statewide assessment in Iowa found that neonicotinoids may be present year-round in groundwater and represent a potential source of human exposure in vulnerable aquifers.
A statewide assessment of neonicotinoids in groundwater was conducted among a sample of public water supply wells in Iowa from October 2017 to August 2018. Samples from all the state's major aquifer groups were initially collected from 118 wells in 69 counties. Subsets of 55 untreated samples and 45 paired pre- and post-treatment samples were then collected in summer 2018, post-planting season for primarily corn and soybeans, to assess seasonal differences and the efficacy of treatment. Samples prepared using solid phase extraction were analyzed using LC/MS/MS for six neonicotinoids: acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, and a sulfoximine (i.e., sulfoxaflor). Clothianidin was the most frequently detected (34%, max: 13.4 ng/L), followed by thiamethoxam (14.4%, max: 20.6 ng/L), imidacloprid (13%, max: 2.3 ng/L), and dinotefuran (0.1%, max: 1.4 ng/L). Alluvial aquifers (unadjusted odds ratio (UOR) = 14.1; 95% CI (5.4-36.9), p=<0.0001), wells with confining layers <15 m (UOR = 13.5, 95% CI (4.8-38.4), p=<0.0001), and less than 19.4 m in depth (UOR = 20.0; 95% CI (6.5-58.0), p=<0.0001) had the greatest risk for contamination. In vulnerable aquifers, neonicotinoids were detected in 62% of winter and 46% of summer samples, with winter samples over 3 times (UOR = 3.2; 95% CI (1.2-8.8), p = 0.02) more likely to have at least two neonicotinoids detected. In 55 public water supply systems, the median concentrations of clothianidin (p = 0.6), imidacloprid (p = 0.7), and thiamethoxam (p = 0.7) were unchanged following treatment. These results suggest that neonicotinoid contamination may be present year-round in treated drinking water from vulnerable groundwater sources and represent a source of human exposure.
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