Recognition of Target Site in Various Forms of DNA and RNA by Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA): From Fundamentals to Practical Applications

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a DNA analog, in which the sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA is replaced by poly[N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine]. Since its discovery in the early 1990s, PNA has been widely employed in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, nanotechnology, and many other fields. This account surveys recent developments on the design of PNA derivatives and their applications. In the first part, PNAs for sequence-specific recognition of DNA and RNA (single-strands, doublestrands, G-quadruplexes, i-motifs, and others) are comprehensively covered. Modifications of nucleobases and of the main chain effectively promote both the strength of binding and the selectivity of recognition. In the second half of this account, practical applications of PNA are presented. Structural restraints, induced by complex formation of PNA with DNA and RNA substrates, lead to selective transformation of target sites to desired structures. Applications to regulation of gene expression, gene editing, construction of sophisticated nanostructures, and others are also described. Advantages and disadvantages of PNAs, compared with other sequence-recognizing molecules hitherto reported, are discussed in terms of various physicochemical and biological features.

Automated summary

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a DNA analog widely used in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, nanotechnology, and other fields. Recent developments have focused on designing PNA derivatives for specific recognition of DNA and RNA, leading to applications in gene expression regulation, gene editing, nanostructure construction, and more. The advantages and disadvantages of PNAs compared to other sequence-recognizing molecules are discussed in terms of physicochemical and biological features.