Role of microglial and endothelial CD36 in post-ischemic inflammasome activation and interleukin-1β-induced endothelial activation

Cerebral ischemia is associated with an acute inflammatory response that contributes to the resulting injury. The innate immunity receptor CD36, expressed in microglia and endothelium, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) are involved in the mechanisms of ischemic injury. Since CD36 has been implicated in activation of the inflammasome, the main source of IL-1 beta, we investigated whether CD36 mediates brain injury through the inflammasome and IL-1 beta. We found that active caspase-1, a key inflammasome component, is decreased in microglia of CD36-deficient mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, an effect associated with a reduction in brain IL-1 beta. Conditional deletion of CD36 either in microglia or endothelium reduced ischemic injury in mice, attesting to the pathogenic involvement of CD36 in both cell types. Application of an ischemic brain extract to primary brain endothelial cell cultures from wild type (WT) mice induced IL-1 beta-dependent endothelial activation, reflected by increases in the cytokine colony stimulating factor-3, a response markedly attenuated in CD36-deficient endothelia. Similarly, the increase in colony stimulating factor-3 induced by recombinant IL-1 beta was attenuated in CD36-deficient compared to WT endothelia. We conclude that micmglial CD36 is a key determinant of post-ischemic IL-1 beta production by regulating caspase-1 activity, whereas endothelial CD36 is required for the full expression of the endothelial activation induced by IL-1 beta. The data identify microglial and endothelial CD36 as critical upstream components of the acute inflammatory response to cerebral ischemia and viable putative therapeutic targets.

Automated summary

The study shows that CD36 is involved in the acute inflammatory response to cerebral ischemia through multiple mechanisms, modulating the production of inflammasomes and IL-1 beta in microglia and endothelial cells, respectively. This highlights CD36 in microglia and endothelium as critical components in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury, offering new insights into the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.