Bio-weathering of granites from Eastern Dharwar Craton (India): a tango of bacterial metabolism and mineral chemistry

The bio-weathering process contributes majorly in the physical shaping of earth's surface. The weathering of mineral is coupled to the formation of new minerals and release of bio-available nutrients for flora as well as microbial communities. Granites from the Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) India are felsic plutonic igneous rock composed of nutritive minerals. The major elemental composition of granite is such that, it forms an ancient ecological niche for diverse microbial communities. Interdisciplinary approaches were taken to construct a more comprehensive understanding of potential functional attributes of Actinobacteria in bio-weathering of granite. This work includes molecular characterization of the isolated strains, detecting their granite bioweathering potentials through leaching experiments where Nocardioides showed highest mineral leaching indices with iron (Fe) being the most leached element (similar to 6372 ppm). Scanning electron microscopic imaging indicated biofilm formation and Actinobacterial hyphae colonization. Petrographic, XRD and FTIR based study shows formation of secondary minerals (kaolinite, vermiculite and smectite). To further establish the hypothesis of soil formation and nutrition transport, long-term (360 days) microcosm was developed. Deterioration and grain size alternations with increase in clay based minerals (kaolinite, vermiculite) and total protein content was observed. A bioinformatics based functional biodiversity approach in link to global bio-weathering of rocks by the genus Actinobacteria was adopted to understand their distribution patterns and contribution to alterations of rock minerals.

Automated summary

The bio-weathering process is crucial in shaping the Earth's surface, with Actinobacteria playing a significant role in weathering granite and forming new minerals. Through interdisciplinary approaches, the study revealed the potential functional attributes of Actinobacteria in bio-weathering, including their high mineral leaching capacity for iron and the formation of secondary minerals such as kaolinite and vermiculite. Additionally, long-term microcosm experiments showed grain size alterations and increased clay-based minerals, suggesting Actinobacteria's contribution to soil formation and nutrient transport.