Journal
ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY
Volume 203, Issue 6, Pages 2895-2910Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02276-9
Keywords
Gut microbiota; Gut– brain axis; Dysbiosis; Neurodegenerative diseases; Microbial transplantation; Probiotics
Categories
Funding
- Institute of Life Sciences (ILS)
- Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University)
- ICMR Extramural Research Grant [2020-9620]
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Extramural Research grant [2020-9620]
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Increasing prevalence of neurological disorders is linked to gut microbiota and the gut-brain axis, as dysbiosis may contribute to disease progression.
Increasing incidences of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are being reported, but an insight into their pathology remains elusive. Findings have suggested that gut microbiota play a major role in regulating brain functions through the gut-brain axis. A unique bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and maintenance of brain health could play a pivotal role in regulating incidences of neurodegenerative diseases. Contrarily, the present life style with changing food habits and disturbed circadian rhythm may contribute to gut homeostatic imbalance and dysbiosis leading to progression of several neurological disorders. Therefore, dysbiosis, as a primary factor behind intestinal disorders, may also augment inflammation, intestinal and blood-brain barrier permeability through microbiota-gut-brain axis. This review primarily focuses on the gut-brain axis functions, specific gut microbial population, metabolites produced by gut microbiota, their role in regulating various metabolic processes and role of gut microbiota towards development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, several studies have reported a decrease in abundance of a specific gut microbial population and a corresponding increase in other microbial family, with few findings revealing some contradictions. Reports also showed that colonization of gut microbiota isolated from patients suffering from neurodegenerative disease leads to the development of enhance pathological outcomes in animal models. Hence, a systematic understanding of the dominant role of specific gut microbiome towards development of different neurodegenerative diseases could possibly provide novel insight into the use of probiotics and microbial transplantation as a substitute approach for treating/preventing such health maladies.
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