Effects of aeration and natural zeolite on ammonium removal during the treatment of sewage by mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands

The objective was to evaluate the effects of intermittent artificial aeration cycles and natural zeolite as a support medium, in addition to the contribution of plants (Schoenoplectus californicus) on NH4+-N removal during sewage treatment by Constructed Wetlands (CW). Two lines of Mesocosm Constructed Wetland (MCW) were installed: (a) gravel line (i.e. G-Line) and (b) zeolite line (i.e. Z-Line). Aeration increased the NH4+-N removal efficiency by 20-45% in the G-Line. Natural zeolite increased the NH4+-N removal efficiency by up to 60% in the Z-Line. Plants contributed 15-30% of the NH4+-N removal efficiency and no difference between the G-Line and the Z-Line. Conversely, the NH4+-N removal rate was shown to only increase with the use of natural zeolite. However, the MCW with natural zeolite, the NH4+-N removal rate showed a direct relationship only with the NH4+-N influent concentration. Additionally, relationship between the oxygen, energy and area regarding the NH4+-N removal efficiency was established for 2.5-12.5 gO(2)/(kWh-m(2)) in the G-Line and 0.1-2.6 gO(2)/(kWh-m(2)) in the Z-Line. Finally, it was established that a combination of natural zeolite as a support medium and the aeration strategy in a single CW could regenerate the zeolite's adsorption sites and maintain a given NH4+-N removal efficiency over time.