Journal
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
Volume 114, Issue 1, Pages 163-174Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab047
Keywords
dairy; milk; cheese; yogurt; metabolomics; type 2 diabetes; prospective cohort study
Categories
Funding
- ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research andAdvanced Studies) through the ICREA Academia program.
- Juan de la Cierva-Formacion [FJCI-2017-32205]
- American Diabetes Association [1-18-PMF-029, 1-18-JDF-104977]
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Epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse association between dairy consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes. This study identified 38 metabolites associated with total dairy intake, with three metabolites consistently linked to different dairy subtypes. A higher score based on these identified metabolites was associated with a lower risk of T2D in both Spanish and US populations.
Background: Epidemiologic studies have reported a modest inverse association between dairy consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Whether plasma metabolite profiles associated with dairy consumption reflect this relationship remains unknown. Objectives: We aimed to identify the plasma metabolites associated with total and specific dairy consumption, and to evaluate the association between the identified multi-metabolite profiles and T2D. Methods: The discovery population included 1833 participants from the Prevention con Dieta Mediterranea (PREDIMED) trial. The confirmatory cohorts included 1522 PREDIMED participants at year 1 of the trial and 4932 participants from the Nurses' Health Studies (NHS), Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII), and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study US-based cohorts. Dairy consumption was assessed using validated FFQs. Plasma metabolites (n = 385) were profiled using LC-MS. We identified the dairy-related metabolite profiles using elastic net regularized regressions with a 10-fold cross-validation procedure. We evaluated the associations between the metabolite profiles and incident T2D in the discovery and the confirmatory cohorts. Results: Total dairy intake was associated with 38 metabolites. C14:0 sphingomyelin (positive coefficient), C34:0 phosphatidylethanolamine (positive coefficient), and gamma-butyrobetaine (negative coefficient) were associated in a directionally similar fashion with total and specific (milk. yogurt. cheese) dairy consumption. The Pearson correlation coefficients between self-reported total dairy intake and predicted total dairy intake based on the corresponding multi-metabolite profile were 0.37 (95% CI. 0.33-0.40) in the discovery cohort and 0.16 (95% CI, 0.13-0.19) in the US confirmatory cohort. After adjusting for T2D risk factors, a higher total dairy intake-related metabolite profile score was associated with a lower T2D risk [IIR per 1 SD; discovery cohort: 0.76 (95% CI, 0.63-0.90); US confirmatory cohort: 0.88 (95% CI, 0.78-0.99)]. Conclusions: Total dairy intake was associated with 38 metabolites, including 3 consistently associated with dairy subtypes (C14:0 sphingomyelin, C34:0 phosphatidylethanolamine, gamma-butyrobetaine). A score based on the 38 identified metabolites showed an inverse association with T2D risk in Spanish and US populations.
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