Genotype-environment interactions shape leaf functional traits of cacao in agroforests

The outbreak of frosty (Moniliophthora roreri) and black pod (Phytophthora palmivora) in Central American cacao agroforests throughout the 1980s led to the breeding of Theobroma cacao clones resistant to these diseases. However, while clonal disease resistance has been well-documented, clonal adaptability to contrasting pedoclimates remains less understood. Plant functional responses to environmental constraints can be assessed by evaluating intraspecific trait variation (ITV), but trait-based approaches have rarely been implemented in genotype assessments. The objective of our study was to determine cacao clone ITV in contrasting environments. Here, we used bivariate, multivariate, and functional trait space analyses to quantify ITV in nine leaf functional traits, among six disease-resistant cacao clones, growing in two clonal gardens with distinct environmental characteristics (a mild dry season with near-optimal cacao growing conditions and a harsh dry season site with sub-optimal conditions). All leaf traits varied among the six clones, though trait differences among clones differed depending on the site: physiological trait differences among clones were larger at the mild dry season site, chemical trait differences were wider at the harsh dry season site, and morphological trait differences among clones were similar at both sites. Multivariate and hypervolume trait space analyses revealed greater site influence on trait values of the least productive clones, while the most productive clones were characterized by higher specific leaf area, independent of the site. To our knowledge, our paper is among the first to show evidence that functional traits provide new insights into genotype x environment interactions and clonal selection in agroforestry systems and support in favor of applying functional trait-based research to plant breeding paradigms.

Automated summary

This study quantified intraspecific trait variation (ITV) in nine leaf functional traits among six disease-resistant cacao clones grown in different environments using bivariate, multivariate, and functional trait space analyses. The results showed that leaf traits varied among clones, with larger physiological trait differences at the mild dry season site and wider chemical trait differences at the harsh dry season site. Multivariate and hypervolume trait space analyses revealed greater site influence on trait values of the least productive clones, supporting the importance of functional trait-based research in plant breeding paradigms.