Membrane nanotubes are ancient machinery for cell-to-cell communication and transport. Their interference with the immune system

Nanotubular connections between mammalian cell types came into the focus only two decades ago, when live cell super-resolution imaging was introduced. Observations of these long-time overlooked structures led to understanding mechanisms of their growth/withdrawal and exploring some key genetic and signaling factors behind their formation. Unbelievable level of multiple supportive collaboration between tumor cells undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy, cross-feeding between independent bacterial strains or cross-dressing collaboration of immune cells promoting cellular immune response, all via nanotubes, have been explored recently. Key factors and calling signals determining the spatial directionality of their growth and their overall in vivo significance, however, still remained debated. Interestingly, prokaryotes, including even ancient archaebacteria, also seem to use such NT connections for intercellular communication. Herein, we will give a brief overview of current knowledge of membrane nanotubes and depict a simple model about their possible historical role.

Automated summary

Nanotubular connections between different cell types play important roles in facilitating multiple collaborative activities. Although there is still debate on the spatial directionality of their growth and overall significance, studies have shown that nanotube signaling plays a crucial role in intercellular communication.